By Bukamuso Sebata

In keeping with its cherished tradition, the Rhodes University community gathered to attend the Inaugural Lecture of Professor Adrienne Edkins. This time-honoured ritual accompanies the University's recognition of an academic's elevation to the esteemed rank of full professor.

Rhodes University Vice-Chancellor Professor Sizwe Mabizela gave the welcoming speech, highlighting Prof Edkins' achievements throughout her career, with the birth of her daughter being her proudest achievement. Her academic journey commenced with postgraduate studies at Rhodes University, followed by a Beit International Fellowship at King's College London and a Wellcome Trust PhD fellowship at Glasgow University.

Returning to Rhodes University for postdoctoral research, she joined the Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU). Prof Edkins' ascent included roles from contract lecturer to senior lecturer, associate professor, and her current esteemed position as a full professor. Notable accolades include the DST South African Women in Science Award, Vice-Chancellor's Distinguished Research Medal, and prestigious positions within scientific societies. She has guided numerous PhD and MSc students, engaged in community initiatives, and remains dedicated to academic excellence and science education at Rhodes University.

In a captivating inaugural lecture titled "Protein origami and human disease: form, function, and the shape of things to come," Professor Edkins sheds light on the fascinating world of proteins and their critical role in cellular functions and human health.

Proteins, often referred to as the workhorses of the cell, orchestrate a multitude of essential processes that underpin life itself. However, the journey of proteins from linear strings of amino acids to functional, three-dimensional shapes is a remarkable feat that unfolds within milliseconds. This folding process occurs in a complex and crowded environment, where proteins must not only attain their correct shapes but also maintain them over time and adapt to changing conditions.

Professor Edkins likened protein folding to the intricate art of origami, where the slightest misstep can lead to dramatic consequences. Misfolded proteins can trigger biological transformations that disrupt normal cellular functions, comparable to the changes observed when an egg is boiled. Such misfolding can lead to diseases that compromise human health.

To maintain the delicate balance of protein folding, cells possess genetic mechanisms known as chaperones. These molecular assistants ensure newly-formed proteins achieve mature configurations and guide them back to proper shapes during stress. Like social chaperones, they monitor protein behaviour, prevent unwanted reactions, and play a critical role in preventing disease.

The lecture also delved into the broader context of cellular biology and biochemistry. The human body comprises approximately 30 billion cells, each with about 42 million distinct proteins. These proteins serve as the driving force behind numerous cellular functions, effectively differentiating various cell types and enabling specialisation for specific tasks.

While DNA has garnered significant attention for its role in life's blueprint, RNA has recently gained prominence, particularly in the development of RNA-based COVID-19 vaccines. Yet, Professor Edkins emphasised that proteins, with their intricate structures and functions, hold the true key to unlocking cellular mysteries.

The challenges proteins face extend beyond their numbers and functions. At their core, all proteins begin as linear chains of amino acids. Their ultimate functionality, however, hinges on their ability to fold into precise, three-dimensional shapes. This folding process, while essential, renders proteins vulnerable to various factors, including environmental changes and mutations, which can lead to misfolding and aggregation.

Professor Edkins drew parallels between protein folding and everyday experiences, such as the transformation of egg white proteins when exposed to heat. Through meticulous processes, researchers can reverse the aggregation process, "uncooking" proteins and restoring them to their original states.

The implications of understanding protein-folding reach far beyond the realm of scientific discovery. Professor Edkins and her team are actively exploring how misfolded proteins contribute to diseases, aiming to identify potential treatments based on the knowledge of chaperones' roles. The pursuit of innovative solutions also involves a two-pronged approach – fundamental scientific research and drug discovery.

This approach aligns with the evolving landscape of drug development, which now encompasses genetic and gene therapy techniques alongside traditional pharmaceutical interventions. Professor Edkins highlighted ground-breaking advancements like CAR-T therapy for cancer treatment and gene therapies targeting conditions like muscular dystrophy.

In closing, Professor Edkins underscored the significance of proteins in unravelling cellular complexities and advancing medical solutions. By employing genetic tools and innovative methods, her research illuminates the intricate world of proteins, from their origami-like folding to their dynamic behaviours and implications for health.

The lecture not only celebrated Professor Edkins' illustrious achievements but also provided a glimpse into the future of scientific exploration. As the field of cellular biology continues to evolve, driven by advancements in genetic understanding and cutting-edge interventions, the potential to transform the landscape of disease treatment becomes increasingly promising. Professor Edkins' pioneering work exemplifies the power of interdisciplinary research and its profound impact on our understanding of life's building blocks.